Health Burden Due to the Surge in Childhood Obesity in India

Childhood overweight and obesity have nearly doubled in Indian urban areas; approximately 4.2% of children were overweight in 2020––based on a weight-for-height criterion. According to estimated projections, by 2030, the subcontinent may harbor over 27 million obese children.

The surge in childhood obesity can be attributed to a multitude of factors, with genetic predisposition accounting for about 5% of cases. However, the influence of socioeconomic factors, such as dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles, cannot be ignored. The proliferation of Westernized diets, characterized by processed foods high in sugars and unhealthy fats, has replaced traditional, healthier eating patterns. This, coupled with a shift towards frequent dining out and the availability of HFSS food through delivery apps, has significantly contributed to the problem. Additionally, changes in brain reward pathways and the use of binge eating as a coping mechanism among adolescents have led to unhealthy eating habits.

Recent urbanization has also promoted a sedentary lifestyle, with children spending increased hours indoors engaged in screen-based activities rather than outdoor play. Moreover, the lack of emphasis on physical education in schools further exacerbates this issue, leaving children with limited exercise and physical activity opportunities. Further, higher socioeconomic status is linked to an increased risk of childhood obesity.

The implications of childhood obesity extend far beyond the immediate health concerns. It poses significant long-term health risks, leading to various diseases in adolescence and adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends several preventive measures, including improving parental nutrition, addressing obesogenic environmental factors, and early intervention to prevent obesity continuation into adulthood. Early detection of gestational diabetes, nutritional counseling, and exercise promotion are crucial. The second strategy involves curbing obesogenic environmental factors, with policy measures like restricting junk food outlets near schools and individual efforts such as celebrity endorsements against HFSS products. Schools and parents must actively engage in awareness campaigns, and pediatricians should emphasize a healthy diet during each visit. 

As the subcontinent faces both undernutrition and obesity challenges, there is an urgent need for intervention. Innovative strategies from other countries, like Brazil's advertising restrictions and Ireland's ban on celebrity endorsements for food targeting children, could inspire effective policies in India. Pediatricians play a pivotal role in early detection and education, with the Indian Academy of Pediatrics planning to publish guidelines and hold a pediatric obesity conclave for increased awareness and prevention efforts.

Source: Kinjawadekar U. Rising Concern of Childhood Obesity in India. VOLUME 60 NUMBER 10 October 2023. 2023 Oct.